不同点火模式下软质聚氨酯泡沫燃烧的实验研究*

为研究软质聚氨酯泡沫（FPUF）的燃烧行为对火灾的影响,采用锥形量热仪（CONE）分析FPUF在强制点火和非强制点火模式下的燃烧行为、热释放速率HRR、质量损失速率MLR和燃烧效率η。研究结果表明:当外部辐射≥40 kW/m2时,FPUF在2种点火模式下燃烧的HRR和MLR均出现2个明显的峰值且η约为88%;当外部辐射<40 kW/m2时,FPUF在非强制点火模式下燃烧的HRR和MLR曲线趋于单峰形式;FPUF在强制点火模式下燃烧前期为异氰酸酯（TDI）和多元醇的混合燃烧,在非强制点火模式下为TDI的挥发。根据研究结果修正现有燃料组分的热值计算方法,获得FPUF和多元醇的热值分别为（20±2）,（28±3） kJ/g。     

Carbon Pool Dynamics in the Lower Fraser Basin from 1827 to 1990

/ To understand the total impact of humans on the carbon cycle, themodeling and quantifying of the transfer of carbon from terrestrial pools tothe atmosphere is becoming more critical. Using previously published data,this research sought to assess the change in carbon pools caused by humans inthe Lower Fraser Basin (LFB) in British Columbia, Canada, since 1827 anddefine the long-term, regional contribution of carbon to the atmosphere. Theresults indicate that there has been a transfer of 270 Mt of carbon frombiomass pools in the LFB to other pools, primarily the atmosphere. The majorlosses of biomass carbon have been from logged forests (42%), wetlands(14%), and soils (43%). Approximately 48% of the forestbiomass, almost 20% of the carbon of the LFB, lies within old-growthforest, which covers only 19% of the study area. Landfills are nowbecoming a major sink of carbon, containing 5% of the biomass carbonin the LFB, while biomass carbon in buildings, urban vegetation, mammals, andagriculture is negligible. Approximately 26% of logged forest biomasswould still be in a terrestrial biomass pool, leaving 238 Mt of carbon thathas been released to the atmosphere. On an area basis, this is 29 times theaverage global emissions of carbon, providing an indication of the pastcontributions of developed countries such as Canada to global warming andpossible contributions from further clearing of rainforest in both tropicaland temperate regions.KEY WORDS: Carbon pools; Global warming; Carbon release to atmosphere;Greenhouse effect     

Dissipation of Tidal Energy and Associated Mixing in a Wide Fjord

This paper sets out to test the hypothesis that vertical mixing due to the dissipation of the internal tide accounts for a significant proportion of the total vertical mixing in a fjordic basin during a period of deep water isolation. During July and August 1999 two locations in the Clyde Sea were instrumented with moored RD Instruments Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers (ADCPs) and conductivity-temperature-pressure chains: Station C2, near the shallow entrance sill (55 m water depth), and station C1 in the deep basin (155 m water depth). A bottom pressure recorder was also deployed at station C3 by the seaward entrance to the Clyde Sea in the North Channel of the Irish Sea. A Free-falling Light Yo-yo shear microstructure profiler (FLY) was used to measure the dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) throughout the water column over 25 h at both C1 and C2. These were interspersed with two-hourly conductivity-temperature-depth casts at both sites. The observations show agreement between the dissipation rate of TKE estimated by using a microstructure profiler and that estimated from the decay of the internal tide as measured by the two ADCPs. However, to account for all the implied mixing it is necessary to invoke an additional source of buoyancy flux, the most probable candidate mechanism is enhanced internal wave breaking near the sill and at the sloping boundaries of the deep basin. In addition, the vertical eddy diffusivity estimated from the micro-structure profiler (O(0.5 cm² s^–1) indicates that internal tide induced mixing away from any boundaries contributed significantly to the overall level of mixing which is required to account for the observed evolution of the deep basin water properties.     

内螺纹变截面铜管拉伸工艺的研究

此文提出了内螺纹变截面铜管分段拉仲一次成形新工艺,并就工艺因素对该管拉伸成形的影响进行了试验研究,从而为合理制订成形工艺提供了依据。     

内循环生物流化床处理丙烯酸废水的试验

介绍内循环三相生物流化床处理丙烯酸废水的中试研究。当进水ＣＯＤ为７１０—９９２ｍｇ／Ｌ时,平均去除容积负荷ＮＶ＝４．０ｋｇＣＯＤ／（ｍ３·ｄ）,污泥负荷ＮＳ＝１．６ｋｇＣＯＤ／（ｋｇＶＳＳ·ｄ）;进水ＣＯＤ为１２７７—２２７６ｍｐ／Ｌ时,ＮＶ＝６．８ｋｇＣＯＤ／（ｍ３·ｄ）,Ｎｓ＝２．８ｋｇＣＯＤ／（ｋｇＶＳＳ·ｄ）;氧利用率约１７％。同时对流化床出水进行了后处理试验,提出了丙烯酸废水的治理方案。     

SO2、NO2、O3及其复合物对水稻体内乙烯释放的影响

乙烯是植物体内的一种内源激素,当植物受到环境污染时,体内乙烯的释放量将发生变化。本文主要报道了水稻受ＳＯ２,ＮＯ２,Ｏ３单一及其复合物熏气对体内乙烯释放的影响。结果表明,水稻受ＳＯ２,ＮＯ２,Ｏ３９单一及其复合物熏气后,体内乙烯释放量增加,在一定条件下反应出环境污染的程度,当Ｏ３浓度不变时,水稻体内乙烯释放量与ＳＯ２,ＮＯ２熏气浓度成正比,其中,Ｏ３＋ＳＯ２对水稻体内乙烯释放量的影响程度大于Ｏ３＋     

油气集输管道内防腐技术应用进展

针对油气田集输管道的内腐蚀问题,分别介绍了耐蚀材料、衬里技术、涂镀层技术与药剂防腐技术等管道内防腐技术及其现场应用效果,指出了耐蚀金属材料防腐效果显著,但存在经济效益差的缺点。为降低成本,选用双金属复合管替代耐蚀金属材料,但其焊缝位置腐蚀失效频发,成为制约其应用的薄弱环节。耐蚀非金属材料防腐效果显著,但耐高温性能与力学性能较差,受温度、压力与CO_2、H_2S、固体颗粒等介质成分的影响,衬里技术与涂镀层技术的应用范围受到限制。药剂防腐技术的防护效果与药剂类型、加药工艺密切相关,需要根据腐蚀工况监测结果进行实时调整。针对上述内防腐技术存在的问题,提出了未来内防腐技术的发展方向为改进现有内防腐技术存在的不足,提升其防护效果。同时,应开发防腐效果显著、经济成本低、施工简便、易于推广应用的防腐材料与防腐工艺技术。     

宜昌市天福庙水库沉积物磷形态分布特征及其释放通量估算

为揭示天福庙水库沉积物中磷的形态及空间分布特征,探讨沉积物-水界面磷的释放通量及其主要影响因素,在天福庙水库库区内设立了6个采样点,采用SMT（磷形态标准测试程序）法测量其沉积物中磷的形态组成,对沉积物磷空间分布、间隙水及上覆水PO₄3-质量浓度变化特征进行了分析,估算了磷释放通量.结果表明:①库区沉积物中TP主要由Ca-P（钙磷）构成,TP在水库库尾和支流入库处具有较高的质量分数,分别为4 904.6、5 015.2 mg/kg.TP、IP（无机磷）、Ca-P时空动态具有一致性,磷矿石灰污染是重要原因.②孔隙水中PO₄3-质量浓度在沉积物表层1~3 cm内存在很高的峰值,达11.3 mg/L,各采样点均高于上覆水中PO₄3-质量浓度,存在向上覆水释放PO₄3-的风险,孔隙水中PO₄3-质量浓度与TP质量分数及磷形态相关.③采用孔隙水扩散模型法估算PO₄3-在沉积物-上覆水界面上的释放通量,库区沉积物磷释放通量范围为0.13~3.08 mg/（m2·d）,平均值为1.03 mg/（m2·d）,处于较高水平.研究显示,磷矿开采是干流沉积物磷来源和形态组成的重要原因,库区磷释放通量与水流扰动密切相关,坝前、支流交汇处、库尾是库区内源磷污染的主要区域.      

中国省际间对内开放对驱动工业绿色创新空间趋同的影响

针对我国省际间对内开放度不平衡发展下工业绿色创新可能存在的地区异质性及空间趋同性,构建对内开放度评价指标体系,利用组合评价方法对30个省级单位的对内开放度进行了综合评价,并通过基尼系数等变异指标比较省际间对内开放度的地区差异,利用2005~2014年的省级面板数据建立空间计量模型检验了省际间对内开放度约束下工业绿色创新的空间趋同性.研究发现：我国省际间对内开放度在时间维度上表现出增加-降低的发展特点,而空间维度上存在东高西低的地区异质性特征.其中,东部地区间对内开放度的内部差异最大,西部次之,中部最小.我国整体及东部地区省际间工业绿色创新的分散离散程度将随时间推移而变化,但中西部地区工业绿色创新波动较大,尚需进一步调整改善;我国整体及东中西部地区工业绿色创新均会随时间推移达到一致的长期均衡,并且其邻近地区因经济发展情况、技术环境、研发水平等特征相似而呈现出的长期相互趋同.加速省际间对内开放、提高经济发展水平、适当放宽环境管制政策是促进我国整体和东部地区工业绿色创新能力提升的重要因素;提高经济发展水平和科学适宜的环境管制强度是促进中部和西部地区工业绿色创新能力提升的重要因素.省际间对内开放度的地区异质性来源及省际间对内开放约束下工业绿色创新的空间趋同情况,有利于我国在新经济形势下缩小省际间对内开放差异、加速对内开放,进一步提升工业绿色创新能力.     

海州湾表层沉积物磷的吸附容量及潜在释放风险

利用磷吸附指数（PSI）、磷吸附饱和度（DPS）和磷释放风险指数（ERI）研究了2016年10月和2017年5月海州湾表层沉积物的磷吸附容量及潜在释放风险.结果显示,2016年秋季PSI变化范围为99.58~199.39[mgP/（100g）]/[μmol/L],DPS变化范围为23.118%~34.289%;2017年夏季PSI变化范围是130.29~198.57[mgP/（100g）]/[μmol/L],DPS变化范围为25.545%~42.135%,两次调查中PSI和DPS均表现出相反的平面分布趋势.PSI和Al_ox、Fe_ox呈显著正相关,说明Fe_ox和Al_ox是影响海州湾表层沉积物吸附磷的主要因素,且Fe_ox占主导作用;DPS与Al_ox和Fe_ox分别表现出了显著负相关性和极显著负相关性,说明Al_ox和Fe_ox含量的增大会降低表层沉积物的磷吸附饱和度.2016年10月磷释放风险指数（ERI）的变化范围为11.59%~34.18%,2017年5月磷释放风险指数（ERI）的变化范围为12.86%~32.34%,从2次调查结果整体来看,海州湾表层沉积物的磷释放风险为中度风险.